Muhammad
Muhammad tu pulitisi Arab, komandan pérang, pamimpipin kaagamaan, pandiri agama Islam, awan nabi wan rusul taakhir ujar Muslim. Inya diwahyuakan uleh Tuhan (Allah) sabuah kitab suci nang dingarani al-Qur'an.[1]
Ujaran tradisi Islam, Muhammad diranakakan di Mekah nang dikuasai uleh suku Quraisy, pas tahun paranakannya, raja Abrahah dari Yaman mangirim pasukan bagajah gasan mahancurkan Kabah di Mekah; tahun tu dingarani uleh urang Arab sajadi Tahun Gajah. [2]
Muhammad diranakakan sajadi Yatim, abahnya, Abdullah maninggal sataan pang umaknya maranakakannya. Umaknya maninggal pas Muhammad baumur anam tahun. Inya digaduh uleh kaiknya, Abdul Mutalib sampai inya baumur 8 tahun. Pas kaiknya maninggal dunia, inya digaduh amangnya, Abu Talib.[3][4][5]
Muhammad didatangi malaikat Jibril hatan inya ada di Gua Hira di Jabal Nur. Inya diwahyuakan surah al-Alaq hayat 1 sampai 5. Inya kawin awan Khadijah binti Khuwailid.
Jajuhutan[babak | babak asal-mulanya]
- ^ "Early Years". Al-Islam.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). 18 October 2012. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2018.
- ^ Howarth, Stephen. Knights Templar. 1985. ISBN 978-0-8264-8034-7 p. 199.
- ^ Welch, Moussalli & Newby 2009.
- ^ Esposito 2002, hlm. 4–5.
- ^ Esposito 1998, hlm. 9,12.
Bacaan lanjutan[babak | babak asal-mulanya]
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- Ardic, Nurullah (21 August 2012). Islam and the Politics of Secularism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-48984-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 22 January 2018.
- Ahmad, Anis(2009). "Dīn".The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World.Ed. John L. Esposito.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Ahmed, Leila (1986). "Women and the Advent of Islam". Signs. 11 (4): 665–91. doi:10.1086/494271.
- Ali, Kecia (2014). The Lives of Muhammad. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-74448-6.
- Ali, Muhammad Mohar (1997). The Biography of the Prophet and the Orientalists. King Fahd Complex for the Printing of the Holy Qur'an. ISBN 978-9960-770-68-0.
- Armstrong, Karen (1992). Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet. Harpercollins. ISBN 978-0-06-250886-7.
- Awde, Nicholas (2000). Women in Islam: An Anthology from the Quran and Hadith. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1012-6.
- Ballard, Harold Wayne; Donald N. Penny; W. Glenn Jonas (2002). A Journey of Faith: An Introduction to Christianity. Mercer University Press. ISBN 978-0-86554-746-9.
- Barlas, Asma (2002). Believing Women in Islam. University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70904-1.
- Bogle, Emory C. (1998). Islam: Origin and Belief
. Texas University Press. ISBN 978-0-292-70862-4.
- Brown, Daniel (2003). A New Introduction to Islam. Blackwell Publishing Professional. ISBN 978-0-631-21604-9.
- Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2011). Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955928-2.
- Brown, Jonathan A.C. (2014). Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-420-9.
- Bullough, Vern L; Brenda Shelton; Sarah Slavin (1998). The Subordinated Sex: A History of Attitudes Toward Women. University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-2369-5.
- Cimino, Richard (December 2005). ""No God in Common": American Evangelical Discourse on Islam after 9/11". Review of Religious Research. 47 (2): 162–74. doi:10.2307/3512048. JSTOR 3512048.
- Cohen, Mark R. (1995). Under Crescent and Cross (edisi ke-Reissue). Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01082-3.
- Conrad, Lawrence I. (1987). "Abraha and Muhammad: some observations apropos of chronology and literary topoi in the early Arabic historical tradition1". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 50 (2): 225–40. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00049016.
- Curtis, Michael (2009). Orientalism and Islam: European Thinkers on Oriental Despotism in the Middle East and India
. New York: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 31. ISBN 978-0-521-76725-5.
- Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-7033-6.
- "Muhammad". Dictionary.com Unabridged (edisi ke-4th). Random House, Inc. 2022.
- Donner, Fred (1998). Narratives of Islamic Origins: The Beginnings of Islamic Historical Writing. Darwin Press. ISBN 978-0-87850-127-4.
- Ernst, Carl (2004). Following Muhammad: Rethinking Islam in the Contemporary World. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-5577-5.
- Esposito, John (1998). Islam: The Straight Path (edisi ke-3rd). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-511234-4.
- Esposito, John (1999). The Islamic Threat: Myth Or Reality?. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-513076-8.
- Esposito, John (2002). What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam
. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-515713-0.*
Esposito, John, ed. (2003). The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. hlm. 198. ISBN 978-0-19-512558-0. Diakses tanggal 19 June 2012.
- Esposito, John (2011). What everyone needs to know about Islam (edisi ke-2). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979413-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 30 September 2015.
- Farah, Caesar (1994). Islam: Beliefs and Observances (edisi ke-5th). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 978-0-8120-1853-0.
- Glubb, John Bagot (2002) [1970]. The Life and Times of Muhammad. Hodder and Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-8154-1176-5.
- Goldman, Elizabeth (1995). Believers: spiritual leaders of the world. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-508240-1.
- Goldman, Ann; Richard Hain; Stephen Liben (2006). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Care for Children. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-852653-7.
- Goddard, Hugh (2000). "The First Age of Christian-Muslim Interaction (c. 830/215)". A History of Christian-Muslim Relations
. Edinburgh University Press. hlm. 34–41. ISBN 978-1-56663-340-6.
- "Mohammed".Jewish Encyclopedia.(1906).Kopelman Foundation.
- Haaren, John Henry; Addison B. Poland (1904). Famous Men of the Middle Ages. University Publishing Company. ISBN 978-1-882514-05-2.
- Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2003). "An Islamic Perspective on Domestic Violence". 27 Fordham International Law Journal 195.
- Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977). The Cambridge History of Islam (edisi ke-paperback). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
- Hourani, Albert; Ruthven, Malise (2003). A History of the Arab Peoples. Belknap Press; Revised edition. ISBN 978-0-674-01017-8.
- ibn Isa, Muhammad (Imam Tirmidhi) (2011). Syama'il Muhammadiyah: KeanggunanMu Ya Rasulullah (Hardcover) (dalam bahasa Arab and Melayu). Malaysia: PTS Islamika Sdn. Bhd. hlm. 388. ISBN 978-967-366-064-3.
- Ishaq, Ibn (2002). Guillaume, Alfred, ed. The Life of Muhammad: A Translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sirat Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-636033-1.
- Jacobs, Louis (1995). The Jewish Religion: A Companion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-826463-7.
- Kelsay, John (1993). Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-0-664-25302-8.
- Khan, Majid Ali (1998). Muhammad The Final Messenger. New Delhi: Islamic Book Service. ISBN 978-81-85738-25-3.
- Kochler, Hans (1982). Concept of Monotheism in Islam & Christianity. I.P.O. ISBN 978-3-7003-0339-8.
- Lapidus, Ira (2002). A History of Islamic Societies (edisi ke-2nd). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3.
- Larsson, Göran (2003). Ibn Garcia's Shu'Ubiyya Letter: Ethnic and Theological Tensions in Medieval Al-Andalus. Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-12740-1.
- Lewis, Bernard (2002) [1993]. The Arabs in History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280310-8.
- Lewis, Bernard (1992). Race and Slavery in the Middle East: An Historical Enquiry (edisi ke-Reprint). Oxford University Press, US. ISBN 978-0-19-505326-5.
- Lewis, Bernard (21 January 1998). "Islamic Revolution". The New York Review of Books.
- Lings, Martin (1983). Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources. Islamic Texts Society. ISBN 978-0-946621-33-0. US edn. by Inner Traditions International, Ltd.
- Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-64696-3.
- Momen, Moojan (1985). An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-03531-5.
- Neusner, Jacob (2003). God's Rule: The Politics of World Religions. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0-87840-910-5.
- Nigosian, S. A. (2004). Islam:Its History, Teaching, and Practices
. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21627-4.
- Ordoni, Abu Muhammad; Muhammad Kazim Qazwini (1992). Fatima the Gracious. Ansariyan Publications. ASIN B000BWQ7N6.
- Peters, Francis Edward (1991). "The Quest of the Historical Muhammad". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 23 (3): 291–315. doi:10.1017/S0020743800056312.
- Peters, Francis Edward (1994). Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1876-5.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003). Islam: A Guide for Jews and Christians. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-11553-5.
- Peters, Francis Edward (2003b). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition
. 1: The Peoples of God. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11460-9. ASIN: B0012385Z6.*Peters, Francis Edward (2003c). The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition
. 2: The Words and Will of God. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-11461-7.
- Peters, Francis Edward (10 November 2010). Jesus and Muhammad: Parallel Tracks, Parallel Lives. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-974746-7. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 June 2013. Diakses tanggal 1 December 2011.
- Peterson, Daniel (2007). Muhammad, Prophet of God. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-0754-0.
- Quinn, Frederick (2008). "The Prophet as Antichrist and Arab Lucifer (Early Times to 1600)". The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought
. New York: Oxford University Press. hlm. 17–54. ISBN 978-0-19-532563-8.
- Rahman, Fazlur (1979). Islam. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-70281-0.
- Ramadan, Tariq (2007). In the Footsteps of the Prophet: Lessons from the Life of Muhammad. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530880-8.
- Reeves, Minou (2003). Muhammad in Europe: A Thousand Years of Western Myth-Making. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-7564-6.
- Robin, Christian J. (2012). Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0-19-533693-1.
- Robinson, David (2004). Muslim Societies in African History. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82627-3.
- Rodinson, Maxime (2002). Muhammad: Prophet of Islam. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-86064-827-4.
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. Rutgers. ISBN 978-0-8135-3955-3.
- Serin, Muhittin (1998). Hattat Aziz Efendi. Istanbul. ISBN 978-975-7663-03-4. OCLC 51718704.
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- Spellberg, Denise A. (1996). Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr (dalam bahasa Inggris). Columbia University Press. hlm. 39–40. ISBN 978-0-231-07999-0.
- Stillman, Norman A. (1979). The Jews of Arab Lands: A History and Source Book. Jewish Publication Society. hlm. 236. ISBN 978-0-8276-0198-7.
- Tabatabae, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn. AL-MIZAN:AN EXEGESIS OF THE QUR'AN, translation by S. Saeed Rizvi. WOFIS. ISBN 978-964-6521-14-8.
- Teed, Peter (1992). A Dictionary of Twentieth Century History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-211676-5.
- Turner, Colin (2005). Islam: The Basics. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-34106-6.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1953). Muhammad at Mecca. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577277-7. ASIN: B000IUA52A.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1956). Muhammad at Medina. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-577307-1.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1961). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-881078-0.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1964). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198810780. OCLC 2756451.
- Watt, W. Montgomery (1974). Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-881078-4.
- "Muḥammad".The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World.(2009).Ed. John L. Esposito.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Wijdan, Ali (28 August 1999). "From the Literal to the Spiritual: The Development of Prophet Muhammad's Portrayal from 13th century Ilkhanid Miniatures to 17th century Ottoman Art". Proceedings of the 11th International Congress of Turkish Art (7): 1–24.
- Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2013). Slaves and Slavery in Muslim Africa: Islam and the Ideology of Enslavement. 1. New York: Routledge. hlm. vii–xi, 3–26. ISBN 978-0-7146-3142-4.
Insiklupidia Islam[babak | babak asal-mulanya]
- "Muḥammad".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2nd)7.(1993).Brill.360–376.
- Watt, W. Montgomery(1971). "Ḥalīma Bint Abī Ḏh̲uʾayb".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2nd)3.Brill.
- Watt, W. Montgomery(1960). "Āmina".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2nd)1.Brill.
- Abel, Armand(1960). "Baḥīrā".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2nd)1.Brill.
- Arafat, W.(1960). "Bilāl b. Rabāḥ".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2nd)1.Brill.
- "Waḥy".Encyclopaedia of Islam(2nd)11.(2002).Brill.