Janaki asal-mulanya gasan Koronavirus


{{Infobox spesies|subdivision_ranks=Genus|subdivision=* ''[[Alphacoronavirus]]''<br />
* ''[[Betacoronavirus]]''<br />
* ''[[Gammacoronavirus]]''<br />
* ''[[Deltacoronavirus]]''}}'''Koronavirus'''<ref name="glosarium-koronavirus">{{Id icon}} Glosarium Pusat Bahasa Departemen Pendidikan Nasional Republik Indonesia {{Cite web|url=http://bahasasastra.kemdikbud.go.id/glosarium/index.php?gloss_asing=&jenis=exact&Bidang=all&infocmd=Cari&gloss_indonesia={{urlencode:koronavirus|WIKI}}|title=Entri lema '''koronavirus'''|access-date=3 Februari 2020}} </ref> atawa '''''coronavirus ''''' (istilah takanalnya: '''virus korona''', '''virus ''corona''''', atawa '''virus ''Corona''''') adalah sagarumbungan pirus matan subpamili ''Orthocoronavirinae'' dalam kulawarga ''Coronaviridae'' wan urdu ''Nidovirales''.<ref name="groot">{{Cite book|title=Ninth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|vauthors=de Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric R, Enjuanes L, Gorbalenya AE, Holmes KV, Perlman S, Poon L, Rottier PJ, Talbot PJ, Woo PC, Ziebuhr J|publisher=Elsevier|year=2011|isbn=978-0-12-384684-6|veditors=King AM, Lefkowitz E, Adams MJ, Carstens EB, ((International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses)), ((International Union of Microbiological Societies. Virology Division))|location=Oxford|pages=806–828|chapter=Family ''Coronaviridae''|author-link2=Susan Baker (virologist)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://talk.ictvonline.org/files/ictv_documents/m/msl/1231/download.aspx|title=ICTV Master Species List 2009 – v10|last=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses|date=24 Agustus 2010|format=xls}}</ref> Kalumpuk pirus ngini nang kawa maulah [[Garing|panyakit]] lawan [[burung]] wan mamalia (tamasuk [[manusia]]).<ref name="c">{{En}} {{Cite book|title=Viral membrane proteins: structure, function, and drug design|last=Wolfgang B. Fischer|first=|publisher=Springer|year=2005|location=|id=ISBN 978-0-306-48495-7|author-link=|coauthors=}}Page.49-52</ref> Pada manusia, koronavirus maulah panjangkitan saluran pahinakan nang rancaknya kada parah, nang kaya salismaan, saupama sapalih tawas panyakit kaya babarapa SARS, MERS, wan COVID-19 sipatnya labih mamati'i. Manipistasi kalinis nang timbul bamacam-macam pada sapasias nang lain: pada [[hayam]], koronavirus maulah panyakit saluran pahinakan atas, amun [[sapi]] wan babi maulah bahiraan.

Koronavirus adalah pirus basalubung lawan ginum RNA utas tunggal plus wan nukleokapsid batawas hiliks simitris. Jumlah ginum koronavirus kikira antara 27–34 kilu pasangan basa, pangganalnya di antara virus RNA nang dikatahuani.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR|date=Agustus 2016|title=Homology-Based Identification of a Mutation in the Coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase That Confers Resistance to Multiple Mutagens|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=90|issue=16|pages=7415–7428|quote=CoVs also have the largest known RNA virus genomes, ranging from 27 to 34 kb (31, 32), and increased fidelity in CoVs is likely required for the maintenance of these large genomes (14).}}</ref> Ngaran koronavirus babibit matan basa Latin ''corona'' nang baarti mahkuta, nang marujuk lawan ampaian partikal pirus (virion): pirus ngini baisi pinggiran nang maingatakan lawan mahkuta atawa kuruna [[matahari]].

== Panamuan ==
Koronavirus ditamu'akan pas 1960-an.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.caringlyyours.com/coronavirus/|title=Coronavirus: Common Symptoms, Preventive Measures, & How to Diagnose It|date=2020-01-28|website=Caringly Yours|language=en-US|access-date=28 Januari 2020|archive-date=2020-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306140702/https://www.caringlyyours.com/coronavirus/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Virus nang paling pamulaan ditamui adalah virus bronkitis infeksius pada ayam wan dua virus dari rongga hidung manusia lawan flu biasa nang kenanya dibari ngaran ''human coronavirus 229E'' wan ''human coronavirus OC43''.<ref name="pmid23202515">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Geller C, Varbanov M, Duval RE|date=November 2012|title=Human coronaviruses: insights into environmental resistance and its influence on the development of new antiseptic strategies|journal=Viruses|volume=4|issue=11|pages=3044–68}}</ref> Imbah nnag itu, anggota koronavirus nang lain mulai diidentifikasi, tamasuk ''SARS-CoV'' pas 2003, ''HCoV NL63'' paa 2004, ''HKU1'' pas 2005, ''MERS-CoV'' (panambayannya dikanal sabagai 2012-nCoV) pas 2012, dan ''SARS-CoV-2'' (panambayannya dikanal sabagai 2019-nCoV) pas 2019; sapalih dari virus-virus ini kabanyakan takait lawan infeksi saluran pahinakan nang sarius.

== Nama wan morfologi ==
Nama koronavirus ba'asal matan basa Latin ''corona'' aan bahasa Yunani κορώνη (korṓnē, "lingkaran, untaian"), nang ba'arti mahkota atawa lingkaran cahaya. Namanya ba'acuan lawan panampilan karakteristik virion (bantuk infektif virus) dalam mikroskop elektron, nang memproyeksikan pinggiran parmukaan virus nang ganal wan bulat nang mahasil'akan gambar nang maingatakan lawan mahkota atau korona matahari. Morfologi ngiini diulah oleh peplomer tonjolan protein permukaan virus (S), nang manantu'akan tropisme inang.

Protein nang manyusun struktur koronavirus yaitu protein tonjolan (''spike'') (S), amplop (E), membran (M), wan nukleokapsid (N). Khusus pada virus SARS, andak pangikatan reseptor pada protein S memediasi perlekatan virus ke reseptor sel inangnya yaitu, enzim pengubah angiotensin (ACE2).<ref name="li">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Li F, Li W, Farzan M, Harrison SC|date=September 2005|title=Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/bbedaafec1ea70e9ae405d1f2ac4c143951630bc|journal=Science|volume=309|issue=5742|pages=1864–8}}</ref> Sapalih koronavirus (khususnya anggota ''Betacoronavirus'' garis katurunan A) baisi jua tonjolan protein pendek nang dingarani hemaglutinin esterase (HE).<ref name="groot"/>

== Panularan ==
Panularan koronavirus dari manusia ke manusia diparkirakan tajadi malalui tatamuan langsung dalam jarak nang paraka lewat tetesan kihit atawa percikan (''droplet'') matan saluran pahinakan nang dihasilakan panderita haratan wahin wan batuk.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/about/transmission.html|title=Transmission of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) {{!}} CDC|date=2020-01-31|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=1 Februari 2020}}</ref>

== Taksonomi ==
Nama ilmiah gasan koronavirus adalah ''Orthocoronavirinae'' atawa ''Coronavirinae''.<ref name="2017.012-015S">{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip|title=2017.012-015S|date=October 2018|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|format=xlsx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514162836/https://talk.ictvonline.org/ictv/proposals/2017.012_015S.A.v1.Nidovirales.zip|archive-date=14 May 2019|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="OrthocoronavirinaeICTV">{{Cite web|url=https://talk.ictvonline.org//taxonomy/p/taxonomy-history?taxnode_id=201851847|title=ICTV Taxonomy history: ''Orthocoronavirinae''|website=International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)|language=en|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="FanZhao2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fan Y, Zhao K, Shi ZL, Zhou P|date=March 2019|title=Bat Coronaviruses in China|journal=Viruses|volume=11|issue=3|pages=210}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Genus
!Subgenus
!Spesies
!Inang
|-
| rowspan="17" |''Alphacoronavirus''
|''Colacovirus''
|''Bat coronavirus CDPHE15''
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Decacovirus''
|''Bat coronavirus HKU10''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Rhinolophus ferrumequinum alphacoronavirus HuB-2013''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Duvinacovirus''
|''Human coronavirus 229E''
|manusia
|-
|''Luchacovirus''
|''Lucheng Rn rat coronavirus''
|rodensia
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Minacovirus''
|''Ferret coronavirus''
|''ferret''
|-
|''Mink coronavirus 1''
|''mink''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Minunacovirus''
|''Miniopterus bat coronavirus 1''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Miniopterus bat coronavirus HKU8''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Myotacovirus''
|''Myotis ricketti alphacoronavirus Sax-2011''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Nyctacovirus''
|''Nyctalus velutinus alphacoronavirus SC-2013''
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Pedacovirus''
|''Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus''
|babi
|-
|''Scotophilus bat coronavirus 512''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Rhinacovirus''
|''Rhinolophus bat coronavirus HKU2''
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Setracovirus''
|''Human coronavirus NL63''
|manusia
|-
|''NL63-related bat coronavirus strain BtKYNL63-9b''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Tegacovirus''
|''Alphacoronavirus 1''
|anjing, kucing, babi
|-
| rowspan="12" |''Betacoronavirus''
| rowspan="4" |''Embecovirus''
|''Betacoronavirus 1''
|manusia, sapi, kuda, babi
|-
|''China Rattus coronavirus HKU24''
|rodensia
|-
|''Human coronavirus HKU1''
|manusia
|-
|''Murine coronavirus''
|rodensia
|-
|''Hibecovirus''
|''Bat Hp-betacoronavirus Zhejiang2013''
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="4" |''Merbecovirus''
|''Hedgehog coronavirus 1''
|landak susu
|-
|''Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus''
|manusia, unta
|-
|''Pipistrellus bat coronavirus HKU5''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Tylonycteris bat coronavirus HKU4''
|kelelawar
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Nobecovirus''
|''Rousettus bat coronavirus GCCDC1''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Rousettus bat coronavirus HKU9''
|kelelawar
|-
|''Sarbecovirus''
|''Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus''
|manusia, kelelawar, ''viverridae''
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Gammacoronavirus''
|''Cegacovirus''
|''Beluga whale coronavirus SW1''
|paus
|-
|''Igacovirus''
|''Avian coronavirus''
|burung
|-
| rowspan="7" |''Deltacoronavirus''
|''Andecovirus''
|''Wigeon coronavirus HKU20''
|burung
|-
| rowspan="4" |''Buldecovirus''
|''Bulbul coronavirus HKU11''
|burung
|-
|''Coronavirus HKU15''
|babi
|-
|''Munia coronavirus HKU13''
|burung
|-
|''White-eye coronavirus HKU16''
|burung
|-
|''Herdecovirus''
|''Night heron coronavirus HKU19''
|burung
|-
|''Moordecovirus''
|''Common moorhen coronavirus HKU21''
|burung
|}

== Koronavirus manusia ==
Koronavirus diyakini maulah 15-30% matan samunyaan salismaan urang tuha wan [[kakanakan]].<ref name="pmid25720466">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fehr AR, Perlman S|year=2015|title=Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis|journal=Methods in Molecular Biology|volume=1282|pages=1–23|isbn=978-1-4939-2437-0}}</ref> Koronavirus meayababkan salismaan lawan gajala utama nang kaya panas awak wan sakit tanggorokan gara-gara pambangkakan adenoid, tautama pas musim dingin wan pamulaan musim semi.<ref>{{Cite journal|displayauthors=6|vauthors=Liu P, Shi L, Zhang W, He J, Liu C, Zhao C, Kong SK, Loo JF, Gu D, Hu L|date=November 2017|title=Prevalence and genetic diversity analysis of human coronaviruses among cross-border children|journal=Virology Journal|language=En|volume=14|issue=1|pages=230}}</ref> Koronavirus kawa manyababkan pneumonia, baik pneumonia virus langsung atawa pneumonia bakterial sekunder, dan dapat menyebabkan bronkitis, baik bronkitis virus langsung atawa bronkitis bakterial sekunder.<ref name="pmid19199189">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Forgie S, Marrie TJ|date=February 2009|title=Healthcare-associated atypical pneumonia|journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine|volume=30|issue=1|pages=67–85}}</ref> Koronavirus manusia nang ditamu'akan paa tahun 2003, SARS-CoV, nang maulah sindrom ngalih banar bahinak (SARS), baisi patogenesis nang unik karena manyababkan infeksi saluran pernapasan bagian atas wan bawah. Balum ada vaksin atawa obat antivirus gasan mancagah atawa maobati infeksi koronavirus manusia.<ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Habibzadeh P, Stoneman EK|date=February 2020|title=The Novel Coronavirus: A Bird's Eye View|journal=The International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine|volume=11|issue=2|pages=65–71}}</ref>

Tujuh jenis koronavirus manusia nang wayah ini dikatahui:

# ''Human coronavirus 229E'' (HCoV-229E)
# ''Human coronavirus OC43'' (HCoV-OC43)
# Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat (SARS-CoV)
# ''Human coronavirus NL63'' (HCoV-NL63, New Haven coronavirus)
# ''Human coronavirus HKU1''
# Koronavirus terkait sindrom pernafasan Timur Tengah (MERS-CoV), nang panambayannya dikenal sabagai ''novel coronavirus 2012'' dan HCoV-EMC
# Koronavirus sindrom pernapasan akut berat 2 ([[SARS-CoV-2]]), panambayannya dikenal sabagai ''2019-nCoV'' atawa "novel coronavirus 2019"

Koronavirus HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43, wan -HKU1 batambah tarus dalam populasi manusia aan manyababkan infeksi pahinakan apda urang tuha wan kakanakan di samunyaan dunia.<ref name="pmid29551135">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Corman VM, Muth D, Niemeyer D, Drosten C|date=2018|title=Hosts and Sources of Endemic Human Coronaviruses|journal=Advances in Virus Research|volume=100|issue=|pages=163–188}}</ref>

== Wabah panyakit ==
Sapalih wabah koronavirus lawan mortalitas nang relatif tinggi adalah sabagai barikut:
{| class="wikitable"
!Wabah
!Jenis virus
!Kematian
|-
|Wabah SARS 2003
|SARS-CoV
|774<ref name="PMID 16978751">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Smith RD|date=Desember 2006|title=Responding to global infectious disease outbreaks: lessons from SARS on the role of risk perception, communication and management|journal=Social Science & Medicine|volume=63|issue=12|pages=3113–23}}</ref>
|-
|Wabah MERS 2012
|MERS-CoV
|Lebih dari 400<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/coronavirus_infections/MERSCoVCaseControlStudyofExposures28March2014.pdf?ua=1|title=Case‐control study to assess potential risk factors related to human illness caused by the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)|date=28 Maret 2014|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|access-date=24 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Wabah MERS 2015 di Korea Selatan
|MERS-CoV
|36<ref name="who">{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/25-october-2015-mers-korea/en/|title=Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) – Republic of Korea|website=World Health Organization|language=en-GB|access-date=1 Desember 2016}}</ref>
|-
|Wabah MERS 2018
|MERS-CoV
|41
|-
|Pandemi koronavirus 2019–2020
|SARS-CoV-2
|Paling tidak 19.700++[23]
|}

==Infeksi pada binatang==
Koronavirus sudah dipinandui wan dikatahui jadi  panyabab kondisi patologi di [[kedokteran hewan]] mulai matan tahun 1930. Buhannya mainfiksi bamacam binatang tamasuk babi, sapi, kuda, unta, kucing, anjing, tikus, burung wan kalalawar.<ref name=":14">{{cite book |title=Fenner's Veterinary Virology |date=2017 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-800946-8 |pages=435–461 |chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128009468000246 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 24 - Coronaviridae|edition=Fifth |s2cid=219575461 }}</ref>  Kabanyakannya binatang nang kana koronavirus tainfeksi di [[Saluran panagukan]] wan manyabar muntung lawan tahi.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Murphy FA, Gibbs EP, Horzinek MC, Studdart MJ |title=Veterinary Virology |publisher=Academic Press |location=Boston |year=1999|pages=495–508 |isbn=978-0-12-511340-3}}</ref> Panalitian nang ada labih fokus gasan manjalasakan [[Patogen Vital]] nang ada dalam binatang nang takana koronavirus, apalagi [[virologis]] nanag tatarik lawan kaduktiran lawan panyakit nang ada di binatang.<ref name="pmid20627412">{{cite journal|vauthors=Tirotta E, Carbajal KS, Schaumburg CS, Whitman L, Lane TE|date=July 2010|title=Cell replacement therapies to promote remyelination in a viral model of demyelination|journal=Journal of Neuroimmunology|volume=224|issue=1–2|pages=101–07}}</ref>

== Catatan Batis ==
{{Reflist|2}}

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