Janaki asal-mulanya gasan Chagai-I

{{Infobox nuclear weapons test|name=Chagai-I|picture=Implosion bomb animated.gif|picture_description=Kelima bom nuklir adalah [[senjata nuklir tipe delak]] berbentuk bola|country=Pakistan|test_site=[[Ras Koh Hills]], [[Distrik Chagai|Chagai]], [[Provinsi Balochistan|Balochistan]], Pakistan|period=Mei 1998|number_of_tests=5|test_type=[[Pengujian sentaja nuklir bawah tanah|Pengujian bawah tanah]]|device_type=[[Fisi nuklir|Fisi]] / [[Fusi nuklir|Fusi]]|max_yield={{convert|40|ktonTNT|lk=in}}<br><ref name="Khan2012"/>{{rp|281–282}}<small>See note</small><ref>Approximating and calculating the exact, accurate and precise yields are difficult to calculate. Even under very controlled conditions, precise yields can be very hard to determine, and for less controlled conditions the margins of error can be quite large. There are a number of different ways that the yields can be determined, including calculations based on blast size, blast brightness, seismographic data, and the strength of the shock wave. The Pakistan Government authorities puts up the yield range from 35-~40&nbsp;kt depending on the mathematical calculations they had performed. On other hand, independent and non-government sanctioned organizations puts the figure at the possible 15–20&nbsp;kt range. The explosion measured 5.54 degrees on the Richter Scale, the PAEC provided the data as public domain in the KNET sources.</ref>|previous_test=''[[Kirana-I]]''|next_test=''[[Chagai-II]]''}}'''Chagai-I''' adalah ngaran kode matan lima uji coba nuklir bawah tanah simultan nang digawi oleh Pakistan pas pukul 15:15 PST pas tanggal 28 Mei 1998.<ref name="A Science Oddyssey: Pakistan's Nuclear Emergence">{{Cite web|url=http://www.khwarizmi.org/taxonomy/term/51|title=A Science Oddyssey: Pakistan's Nuclear Emergence|date=19 October 1998|website=Khwarizmi Science Society, Nuclear Conference, Alhamra Cultural Complex, Qaddafi Stadium, Lahore|publisher=[[Khwarizmi Science Society]] – khwarizmi.org|format=video|access-date=6 September 2011|archive-date=5 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205084555/http://www.khwarizmi.org/taxonomy/term/51|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Tes ngini digawi di Ras Koh Hills di Distrik Chagai, Provinsi Balochistan.<ref name="nuc-wep-archive-98">{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing|last=Sublette|first=Carey|date=10 September 2001|publisher=nuclearweaponarchive.org|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Chagai-I adalah uji publik pamulaan sanjata nuklir Pakistan. Pamilihan waktu palaksanaannya adalah tanggapan langsung tahadap uji coba nuklir kadua India nang digawi pas 11 wan 13 Mei 1998. Tes-tes nang digawi oleh Pakistan wan India ngini mahasilakan Resolusi Dewan Keamanan PBB 1172 wan sanksi ekonomi gasan kadua negara oleh sapalih negara ganal, tarutama Amerika Serikat wan Japang. Dengan mauji bom nuklir, Pakistan manjadi negara katujuh nang sacara tarbuka mauji sanjata nuklir. Uji coba nuklir kadua Pakistan, Chagai-II, digawi pas 30 Mei 1998.

== Latar balakang ==
Sapalih kajadian historis wan politik sarta individu tartantu paa 1960-an wan pamulaan 1970-an maulah Pakistan bagimitan manggawi program pangambangan sanjata nuklir, nang dimulai pas 1972. Rancana pangujian sanjata nuklir dimulai pas 1974. Chagai-I adalah hasil matan parancanaan wan parsiapan labih matan dua dekade, nang maulah Pakistan manjadi nang katujuh matan dalapan negara nang sacara tabuka mauji sanjata nuklir.

Pamilihan waktu Chagai-I adalah respons langsung gasan uji coba nuklir kadua India, Pokhran-II, dismbat jua ''Operasi Shakti'', pas 11 wan 13 Mei 1998.<ref name="IE20050803">{{Cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/columnists/full_column.php?content_id=75533|title=Sweeping India off its feet|date=3 August 2005|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2011|publisher=Indian Express Group|location=[[Indian Express Group]]|page=1|language=}}</ref><ref name="Aziz2009">{{Cite book|title=Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's history|last=Aziz|first=S|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195477189|edition=1|location=Karachi|pages=408|author-link=Sartaj Aziz}}2009</ref> Chagai-I adalah uji coba pamulaan matan dua uji publik Pakistan tahadap sanjata nuklir. Uji coba nuklir kadua Pakistan, Chagai-II, dilanjutakan pas 30 Mei 1998.

Pas tahun 2005, Benazir Bhutto basaksi bahwa "Pakistan bisa sudah baisiparangkat atom jauh sabalumnya, wan ayahnya parnah manyambat lawan inya matan sel panjaranya bahwa parsiapan gasan uji coba nuklir sudah digawi pas tahun 1977, wan inya baharap gasan baisi tes atom matan sabuting parangkat nuklir pas Agustus 1977."<ref name="Global Security">{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/pakistan/nuke.htm|title=Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD): Pakistan Nuclear Weapons|last=Unknown|date=28 May 2005|website=Global Security|publisher=globalsecurity.org|access-date=2010}}</ref> Tapi, rancana ngitu ditunda manjadi Desember 1977 wan kainanya ditunda kada babatas waktu gasan mahindari reaksi internasional, dangan damikian mandapatkan ambiguitas nang disangaja. Dalam sabuting wawancara lawan Hamid Mir di ''Capital Talk'' nang disiarkan di Geo News pada 2005, Dr. Samar Mubarakmand mangkunfirmasi kasaksian Bhutto wan manyambatakan bahwa PAEC mangembangkan desain bom atom pas 1978 wan sudah barhasil malakukan uji dingin imbah maulah bom atom pamulaan pas tahun 1983.

== Lukasi ==
[[Barakas:Pakistan_Mountain_Ranges_BMNG.jpg|jmpl|Buhan ilmuwan PAEC mamilih lukasi di pegunungan granit di ketinggian nang baisi cuaca panas nang ekstrem.]]
Gasan kasalamatan wan ka'amanan pangujian, diparluakan daerah pagunungan nang tarpancil, taisolasi wan kada bapanghuni. Survei Geologi Pakistan (GSP) manggaai tes gasan mamilih gunung "''bone dry''" nang kawa manahan ladakan matan dalam nang ganalnya 20–40 kiloton (kt). Buhan ilmuwan bakahandak  cuaca kering wan liwar sadikit angin supaya luruhan radioaktif kada tasabar.

Koh Kambaran nang baandak di Ras Koh Hills dipilih pas tahun 1978. Karena maluasnya laporan nang kada akurat nang manyambatakan wilayah Bukit Chagai sabalum pangujian digawi, takadang ada kabingungan manganai andak geografis uji nuklir ngini. Baik Bukit Chagai wan Bukit Ras Koh baandak di Distrik Chagai, tatapi Bukit Ras Koh baandak di subalah salatan Bukit Chagai, wan tapisahkan lawan Bukit Chagai oleh sabuting lambah ganal.

Sapanjang 1980-an, Gubernur Balochistan, Jenderal Rahimuddin Khan, mamimpin gawian sipil.

== Pa'ambilan kaputusan ==
Imbah tes Pokhran-II India pas 13-15 Mei 1998, parnyataan pulitisi India bamakin mamparparah situasi.<ref name="Dawn News, Hoodbhoy report">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/606669/herald-exclusive-pakistans-nuclear-bayonet|title=Herald exclusive: Pakistan's nuclear bayonet|last=Hoodbhoy|first=Pervez|date=16 February 2011|access-date=15 June 2015|publisher=Dawn News|location=Islamabad|pages=1–1|author-link=Pervez Hoodbhoy}}</ref> Perdana Menteri Nawaz Sharif mambatasi urang nang handak baelang kanagaraannya ka [[Kazakhstan]] gasan batamu lawan Presiden Nursultan Nazarbayev imbahtu babulik ka Pakistan.<ref>{{Citation|title=America Offered $5Billion against the Atomic Tests|date=28 May 2010|url=http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/may2010-daily/28-05-2010/index.html|work=Geo News|page=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531135915/http://www.jang.com.pk/jang/may2010-daily/28-05-2010/index.html#|publisher=Jang Group of Newspapers|access-date=28 May 2010|archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref>

Kaputusan gasan manggawi tes balangsung di sabuting partamuan nang dihadiri Sharif lawan katua kapala staf gabungan, Jenderal Jehangir Karamat, Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan, Ishfaq Ahmad, dan Munir Ahmad Khan wan angguta Kabinet Pakistan. Dalam pamandiran lawan Sharif, Presiden Amerika Serikat, Bill Clinton, manawarakan paket bantuan nang ma'untungakan dalam upaya gasan maulah Pakistan manahan diri matan pangujian nuklir, wan mangirim delegasi sipil-malitir tingkat tinggi nang dipimpin oleh Strobe Talbott wan Jenderal Anthony Zinni ka Pakistan malubi tahadap pangujian.<ref>{{Citation|title=US offered $5b against nuclear blasts: Nawaz|date=28 May 2010|url=http://thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=105606|work=The News International|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531143414/http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=105606|archive-date=31 May 2010}}</ref> Opini publik nang populer di Pakistan mandukung uji coba nuklir. Menteri Informasi Mushahid Hussain adalah nang pamulaan nang mandukung uji coba ngitu sabagai jawaban atas uji coba nuklir India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://geo.tv/5-28-2010/65722.htm|title=GEO Pakistan:US offered $5b against nuclear blasts: Nawaz|last=[[Geo News]]|date=28 May 2010|access-date=25 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626130427/http://www.geo.tv/5-28-2010/65722.htm#|archive-date=26 June 2015|publisher=geo.tv}}</ref> Pamimpin oposisi, Benazir Bhutto, bapandir dengan tagas mandukung uji atom Pakistan.<ref name="nuc-wep-archive-982">{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing|last=Sublette|first=Carey|date=10 September 2001|publisher=nuclearweaponarchive.org|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Pas partamuan kabinet NSC, pamarintah Pakistan, malitir, ilmuwan, wan pajabat sipil bapartisipasi dalam debat, mamparluas, wan mamparumit proses pangambilan kaputusan. Katua kepala staf gabungan, Jenderal Karamat wan Kepala Staf Udara ACM (Umum) Parvaiz Mehdi Qureshi mandukung masalah ngini wan maninggalakan kaputusan gasan pamarintah. Kepala Staf Angkatan Laut Laksamana Fasih Bokhari aan Menteri Keuangan Sartaj Aziz ba'argumen manantang pangujian-pangujian ngitu lawan alasan kauangan, maskipun Aziz kainanya mendukung kaputusan pangujian nuklir wan manyambatnya sabagai "kaputusan nang tapat."<ref name="Aziz20092">{{Cite book|title=Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's history|last=Aziz|first=S|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195477189|edition=1|location=Karachi|pages=408|author-link=Sartaj Aziz}}2009</ref> Abdul Qadeer Khan ba'argumen gasan mandukung tes wan didukung oleh Samar Mubarakmand wan Munir Ahmad Khan samantara Dr. Ishfaq Ahmad bapandapat bahwa "kaputusan gasan mauji coba atawa kada mauji coba adalah matan Pamarintah Pakistan, talapas matan pandapat komunitas ilmiah.":271–275 Ma'akhiri argumen tarakhir, Ishfaq Ahmad manyambat: "Tuan Pardana Manteri, ambil kalutusan dan, ''Insya Allah'', ulun mambari pian jaminan kasuksesan".

Dengan sanksi kelompok G8 baisi efek nang liwar kihit gasan India wan skeptis tahadap kumitmin Amerika Serikat, buhan ekonom pemerintah Pakistan mambangun konsensus akhir nang mangaras lawan gagasan bahwa "kadada harga ekonomi gasan ka'amanan".<ref name="Aziz20093">{{Cite book|title=Between Dreams and Realities: Some Milestones in Pakistan's history|last=Aziz|first=S|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195477189|edition=1|location=Karachi|pages=408|author-link=Sartaj Aziz}}2009</ref> Maskipun ba'andak di bawah takanan oleh Presiden AS Bill Clinton, Pardana Manteri Sharif ma'izinakan uji coba nuklir lawan mamarintahakan PAEC dalam basa Urdu: "Dhamaka kar dein" (lit. "''Lakukan paladakan!''")

== Daya ledak senjata ==
Komisi Energi Atom Pakistan (PAEC) manggawi lima uji coba nuklir bawah tanah di lokasi uji Chagai pukul 15:15 sore (PST) pas sore hari 28 Mei 1998.<ref name="nuc-wep-archive-983">{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing|last=Sublette|first=Carey|date=10 September 2001|publisher=nuclearweaponarchive.org|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Pos pangamatan didirikan sakitar 10 km (6.21 mil) matan daerah pangujian, lawan angguta Kalompok Matematika wan Kalompok Fisika Teoritis (TPG) nang dipimpin oleh Dr. Masud Ahmad wan Asghar Qadir  nang batugas mahitung daya ladak sanjata nuklir.<ref name="nuc-wep-archive-984">{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing|last=Sublette|first=Carey|date=10 September 2001|publisher=nuclearweaponarchive.org|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Panantuan daya ladak ladakan mang akurat wan tapat wan galombang kajut adalah tantangan karena ada bamacam cara gasan manantuakan daya ladak.<ref name="Teller1968">{{Cite book|title=The Constructive Uses of Nuclear Explosives|last=Teller|first=Edward|last2=Talley|first2=Wilson K.|last3=Higgins|first3=Gary H.|last4=Johnson|first4=Gerald W.|date=1968|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0070634823|edition=1st|location=United States|pages=150, 167}}</ref> TPG mamparkira'akan total hasil uji maksimum lawan panyataraan energi manjadi ~40 kiloton satara TNT, lawan parangkat paling ganal (dikuatakan) mahasilakan 30-36 kiloton.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/nuke/guide/pakistan/nuke/index.html|title=Pakistan Nuclear Weapons|last=FAS.org|date=11 December 2002|publisher=fas.org}}</ref> Ilmuwan lain mamparkira'akan hasil 6–13 kiloton<ref name="Diehl">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/nuclearweaponsno00dieh|title=Nuclear Weapons and Nonproliferation: A Reference Book|last=Diehl|first=Sarah J.|last2=James Clay Moltz|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2002|isbn=978-1576073612|page=143}}</ref> <ref name="Albright1998">{{Cite journal|last=Albright|first=David|author-link=David Albright|date=July 1998|title=Pakistan: The Other Shoe Drops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAsAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA24|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.|volume=54|issue=4|pages=24–25|issn=0096-3402}}</ref> atawa, badasar'akan data galumbang seismik, badaya ladak 12–20 kt. Kalompok Fisika Teoritis (TPG) dan Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan bapingkut lawan parkiraan buhannya.<ref name="Published in Nuclear weapon archives data">{{Cite news|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/KhanInterview.html|title=Interview with Abdul Qadeer Khan|last=Khan|first=Kamran|date=30 May 1998|work=[[The News International]]|access-date=14 June 2015|publisher=The News International|location=Islamabad|pages=1–1|author-link=Kamran Khan (journalist)|via=nuclearweaponarchive.org}}</ref> Divisi matematika PAEC ma'andak data ilmiah dalam domain publik wan manarbit'akan aktivitas saismik, grafik matematika, wan rumus matematika nang digunakan gasan mahitung hasil maskipun informasi ilmiah tartantu tatap manjadi rahasia.<ref name="PAEC Mathematics Research Division">{{Cite web|url=http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu/special_events/nuclear_tests/comparison.php|title=Broadband recording of first blasts|website=Broadband Seismic Data Collection Center|publisher=PAEC Mathematics Research Division|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321135213/http://eqinfo.ucsd.edu/special_events/nuclear_tests/comparison.php|archive-date=21 March 2012|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Dari data ilmiah nang ditarima oleh PAEC, kayanya Pakistan kada mauji parangkat termonuklir, nang batantangan lawan pangujian India. Manurut Ishfaq Ahmad, PAEC kada baisi rancana gasan mangambang'akan parangkat hidrogen karena alasan ekonomi, maskipun pas tahun 1974, Riazuddin ma'usulakan rancana samacam ngitu lawan Abdus Salam, Direktur Kelompok Fisika Teoritis waktu ngitu. Mulai pamulaan, PAEC bakonsentrasi lawan pangambangan sanjata nuklir taktis nang labih halus nang nyaman dipasang gasan pesawat Angkatan Udara Pakistan (PAF), kapal perang Angkatan Laut Pakistan, wan rudal.<ref name="nuclnet">{{Cite news|url=http://nucnews.net/nucnews/1999nn/9908nn/990818nn.world2.htm|title=Pakistan builds a neutron bomb|last=Raja Zulfikar|date=28 May 1998|access-date=17 June 2011|publisher=nuclnet <!--| accessdate=1:40&nbsp;pm ET 18 August 1999-->|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162209/http://nucnews.net/nucnews/1999nn/9908nn/990818nn.world2.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

Kada lawas imbah pangujian, mantan katua wan direktur teknis Munir Ahmad Khan lawan tarkanal mangutip: "Parangkat nang ditingkat'akan ngini nang kaya satangah jalan manuju bom termonuklir. Buhannya manggunakan elemen-elemen matan proses termonuklir, wan sacara efektif adalah bom atom nang labih harat. . . . . Pakistan baisi kamampuan nuklir mulai 1984 wan sabarataan parangkat Pakistan diulah matan uranium yang diperkaya".<ref name="nuc-wep-archive-985">{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing|last=Sublette|first=Carey|date=10 September 2001|publisher=nuclearweaponarchive.org|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref>

Di sisi nang lain, Abdul Qadeer Khan labih lanjut mambari rincian teknis kisah perangkat fisi sambil bapandir lawan media lokal nang kaya nang inya sambat: "Sabarataan parangkat fisi ditingkat'akan manggunakan Uranium 235 pas 28 Mei. Kadada sabuting-buting matan ladakan ngini adalah termonuklir, kami haratan manggawi panalitian wan kawa manggawi uji coba fusi amun ditakuni. Tatapi ngitu bagantung lawan ka'adaan, situasi pulitik wan kaputusan pamarintah."<ref name="nuc-wep-archive-986">{{Cite web|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Pakistan/PakTests.html|title=Pakistan's Nuclear Weapons Program – 1998: The Year of Testing|last=Sublette|first=Carey|date=10 September 2001|publisher=nuclearweaponarchive.org|access-date=10 May 2012}}</ref> Batolak balakang lawan pandakatan termonuklir India, Dr. NM Butt, saikung ilmuwan senior, manyambat bahwa "PAEC maulah bom neutron dalam jumlah nang cukup - sanjata medan perang nang pada dasarnya marupakan parangkat nang baisi daya ledak rendah".<ref name="nuclnet2">{{Cite news|url=http://nucnews.net/nucnews/1999nn/9908nn/990818nn.world2.htm|title=Pakistan builds a neutron bomb|last=Raja Zulfikar|date=28 May 1998|access-date=17 June 2011|publisher=nuclnet <!--| accessdate=1:40&nbsp;pm ET 18 August 1999-->|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305162209/http://nucnews.net/nucnews/1999nn/9908nn/990818nn.world2.htm|dead-url=yes}}</ref>

== Lihat jua ==

* Daftar negara nang baisi senjata nuklir
* Penerbangan Pakistan International Airlines 544

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Tumbung:Senjata nuklir Pakistan]]
[[Tumbung:1998 di Pakistan]]
[[Tumbung:Ilmu pengetahuan wan teknologi di Pakistan]]